Letter to Y. Of Broad Language 4th Edition
Dear Y.,
1. From the definition of language to determining the direction of language research
1.1
I don’t use the word “research” in Japanese much, but here I think about language To briefly describe the above in terms of linguistic research, I think the question is the aim of linguistic research and the application of linguistic research.
When it comes to what language is, I think that language is generally a way for humans to communicate their state of mind with great precision . It is usually assumed that humans speak and hear. So-called natural language. However, I do not define such a so-called language in my own research on language. My research, of course, includes natural language, but it is more extensive . And in my opinion, defining a language in natural language only makes it ambiguous. This is the reason why superlanguages are advocated in basic mathematics.
1.2
So, I don’t call my research linguistics, and I don’t use terms like linguistics or philology in English. Because these terms are centred on natural language. In my case, it is more extensive, so I just write research on language. This broad language, in my term Broad Language , will be discussed later.
So, I’m wondering if such undefined things will cause confusion, but in my case, the written content (maybe) tells me the situation of the language I speak, so more ambiguous The definition is not used. Since I mainly use mathematics, it means that the world being built by the axioms and theorems is the language that I show. Mathematics is often written as 5,000 years old since Greece, but it has refined results in a long history. In the field of probability and statistics, it is often said that this result has been verified 100 million times, so it is probably okay, but then, when verified at the 101st time, it is not guaranteed that there will be a failure. .
1.3
Mathematics cannot exist without absolute guarantee. That is proof proof. But the word “perfect” is not commonly used. This is because Kruto Godel proved the incompleteness theorem Incompleteness theorem in 1928 that “it is not possible to prove the perfection of mathematics by using the method inherent in mathematics” . Iwanami Bunko now publishes the translation, but I still don’t fully understand it. I also read some proofs. From the outside, it looks anxious, but mathematics itself is firm even if there is such a theorem.
1.4
Next, for example, in a language, I use the word distance. It would be quite difficult to define the word distance itself exactly in natural language .
The term “language space” is also used, but it is quite difficult to define a space in natural language.
The word linguistic change is often used, but what changes from where to where and how it changes, if there is no substance, if there is no substance, the change itself is meaningless. In the first place, when we start to think about what changes are, we can no longer control them . One of Wittgenstein’s famous words is that “philosophy is a history of misunderstandings”, but it seems to have built something like a tower on the sand on the ambiguity of language.
Basically, trying to define a language by language presents difficulties. Details are omitted, but progress has been made especially in the field of basic mathematical theory since the 1970s. Last summer, a Japanese pioneer in the basic theory of mathematics called Takeuchi Gaishi died. I also learned a lot from him. He is featured in the February issue of the Mathematics Seminar this year. It was very interesting to me.
But I’m not denying philosophy. On the contrary, I also think that my core is derived from philosophy .
1.5
For this reason, I no longer write the basic language in the language. It’s easy to say, but in my case it took me in my 20s to 40s to get here.
At the end of the 1970s, maybe summer vacation in 1978 (because I was a faculty member), 31 years old, I’m still in Tokyo, but I’ve been working on a research application paper at T Research Institute. Not because I wanted to win an award, but because I wanted to confirm my own challenges based on that. The content was what a sentence in a language was, so I tried to put together a sort of preparatory stage for what I am currently thinking about. The method tried to use set theory and basic theory of mathematics. In conclusion, as soon as I started to write, I was convinced that I couldn’t write what I was aiming for in the collections of the time in me, and this plan was abandoned. By the way, in the West, basic mathematics is positioned as a division of logic rather than a division of mathematics. I also think that is better.
1.6
Why did you cancel at this time? It is natural that I have little knowledge of language and mathematics, and my ability is low, so I will list the others.
# 1 I mainly tried to use the set theory of mathematics, but the results of mathematics in the field at that time alone (maybe) cannot handle the situation of complicated languages.
# 2 The basic theory of mathematics follows the development of logic, and the root of the language itself cannot be approached (by the achievements at that time).
# 3 The whole language is vast, and it is uncertain where in the language I focus my discussion.
Was the main reason for the cancellation.
1.7
I returned to college at the age of 32 in 1979 and reunited with Eiichi Chino of Linguistics (I first met in 1969 as a teacher of Russian), where I mainly studied the situation of the Prague Linguistics Circle in the 1920s. I was taught in detail. Among them The presence of Sergej Karcevskij has overwhelmed me. Chino, who he called the only genius in his last year’s book Open Door to Linguistics, pointed out the duality of language . The language is soft and flexible to absorb the outside world, but at the same time has a strong and robust structure . In this contradictory duality, the essence of language was said to be. This is a part of the semantics in a broad sense, but the most important thing in the language of this meaning is shelved as it was, and still is too difficult, and more precise phonology etc. I went to the building. For example, American structural linguistics from the 1950s onwards is a representative example. After that, I almost excluded the meaning of Chomsky’s generative grammar, and searched for the structure of grammar. Edward Sapir was one of the most prominent of these historical developments , but I suggested a lot. The concept is Drift . He reveals language and movement, the temporal element of language . This will later be linked to the existence of Perelman in me .
After all, I didn’t improve my Russian, but I still have a strong attachment to Russian, and I read a booklet on Russian grammar after a long time last year. Although the grammar in Hakusuisha’s Kuseju library was good, Brian Kemple’s book from Dover Publications was concise and detailed with great details, and it was wonderful. The author was also impressed by the statement on page 94:
“The definitions do not pretend to be complete, or to settle points of interpretation that grammarians have been disputing for the past several hundred years.”
1.8
Despite the fact that meaning is one of the most important things in the language, In the rest of linguistics it has always been excluded. After World War II, the field of general semantics expanded temporarily in the United States and other countries, but this is a macro, such as what role language plays in society, and eventually sociology and humankind. It will be absorbed in the school. The meaning itself was still an unexplored field. In my case, the philosophical ones are already based on Wittgenstein’s sharp philosophical criticism (verification), so with the addition of Karcevskij, I’m almost ready. Since I was already thinking of advancing the subject in Kanji and the extremely strict linguistics (elementary school ) of Chinese modernity centred on Kanji, the issue was how to refine mathematics as a writing method.
1.9
Fortunately, since the 1980s, the era of rapid development of mathematics and its application to a wide range of fields has come. Iwanami Shoten has been developing the mathematics series in the order of introduction, basics, and development for almost 30 years. Kyoritsu Shuppan has traditionally had a series, so we continue to publish various modern mathematics achievements and are still in progress. I am now a lover of the “Mathematics Shine” series.
It is symbolized by a mathematician who said in a dialogue, “Now math has finally accumulated problems describing various fields”, but I stopped in the 1970s This time, I can now write my own problems while freely choosing rich mathematical methods. Here in philosophy · Wittgenstein, elementary school, such as object-Wang Guowei, purpose · Karcevskij, method · Algebraic Geometry algebraic geometry was aligned, and everything. The mid-1980s.
1.10 In
1986, I completed my research career at a university, quit teaching, made a library, and was able to concentrate almost exclusively on language research. Of course, the biggest thing was understanding of the surroundings. My income has decreased sharply, but I am still at the present while securing a minimum income with Chinese professors, history courses, Buddhist courses, Japanese language teachers, etc. In 1985, there was a talk from Professor A to a lecturer at K University. At this time, the university was extremely thankful to me, but it was no longer the field of the main I am going.
1.11
While reading mainly Chinese and Buddhist literature since 1986 However, when I was admitted to O General Hospital with pneumonia in 2002, I was able to think intensively by chance, so based on the article by Kingdom Wei, language, in my case , Kanji, but what summarised the problem of time inherent in it was On Time Property Inherent in Characters, the nature of time inherent in language. At this time, I explored the direction of my language research from a Macro perspective, and it was later uploaded as the Manuscript of Quantum Theory for Language. In March 2003, we went to skiing in Hakuba, Nagano prefecture, and when everyone was skiing, we concentrated ourselves and put together the final summary. nostalgic.Although 1.12
is skipped, it was around this time that I learned the depth of Buddhist literature. I read about it in the Taisho Shinshu Daizo Sutra, the Japanese Buddhist complete books, etc., but the literature on the end of Buddhism in India is particularly interesting, for example, the spiral structure of the world is clearly shown by the 4th and 5th century AD. I will. It is interesting to compare it with the situation of modern biology such as DNA, but easy analogy should be avoided. Although I have a deep attachment to the early days of molecular biology derived from physics. Saicho, Kukai in
Japan I read mainly. The impression is that Saicho is hard to read and Kukai is easy to read. Professor K of Japanese literature, which I adore, was asked by an ex-Soviet scholar to send Kukai’s “Bunkyo Higaku Furon” and fulfills his promise. It was. This book is highly regarded as the phonological theory of the Tang dynasty, without any books of the same age, but it is also readable as modern phonological theory. However, it will be difficult to read if punctuation is not entered. Nowadays there are good books in China.1.13
Unauthorized ・ I read the Buddhist theory of my family in the Taisho Shinshu Okura sutra, but as a high peak of philosophy in the Orient, there is something that unintentionally corrects the collar regardless of faith. I still want to read it again if I have time. I feel that my belief that I started walking from the Orient when I entered university has come to fruition here.
Last autumn 2017, at the Tokyo National Museum, there was a special exhibition of the Kamakura era sculptor Unkei, and after a long time, I reunited with an unwritten and worldly statue . It was in my thirties that I saw Kofukuji Temple in Nara. There, I also reunited with the statue of Shigen , who had promoted the reconstruction of Todaiji Temple . The first view of this statue was at the Kyoto National Museum, and when I visited, there was no one but me on the floor. The statue of the high priest at that time was a peaceful old monk who had finished recruiting, but when he met again last fall, the old teacher felt a much more youthful and fulfilling energy than I did. I felt the flow of my age and age.
In addition , I was reminded of the time when I was read with my two friends after being recommended by my teacher about the “Mikuni Buddhist Hodentsu Engi”, a school monk from Todaiji Temple in the Kamakura period . This is how I got to know the Chinese language.
I will omit about the modern Chinese elementary school.2. Why is language research so attractive, and its development and applications?
2.1
Base is my theory lover. The thing that attracted me most in high school was theoretical physics. In my case, it wasn’t the direction of Hideki Yukawa’s discovery of mesons, but Shinichiro Tomonaga’s super-multi-hour theory . The whole picture is quite difficult, but if you have knowledge of calculus and differential equations, it will be great. I later organized it and put together a summary of the timeliness of the language. Suggested by Kingdom Wei and Sapir. Considering it now, it seems that the conversion from theoretical physics to language was quite necessary. During this time, it was a great harvest to notice the existence of a clear physicist called Dirac. About this British man, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics last year and died, Yoichiro Nanbu wrote in an essay.
2.2
I liked this theory, and I also liked the direction of philosophies that seek the fundamental. It was ambiguous in high school, but later in the 1970s, in my late twenties, Wittgenstein’s translations appeared one after another, and while reading them, I made a fundamental examination of the heritage of philosophy. In my consideration, I should avoid ambiguity in philosophy and seek a different direction. As a result, mathematics seemed to be the most effective. I have liked mathematics since high school, and when I was trying to find a solution to the movement of physics in the 3rd year, the most effective method was the differential equation, but I could not solve it at the level of high 3 calculus. I was impressed that I thought I would not be after college.
2.3
In my twenties, I was studying mathematics little by little as a teacher. Here in Kanda, the French math group, Bourbaki Meet you. This set the course for my math thereafter. Bourbaki meant that anyone could go from a clear and concise starting point to the apex of complex modern mathematics, but instead of precision, it was huge, and I studied it carefully while looking at its existence sideways. Continued.
2.4
As mentioned in 1.7 , from 1986 to 2003, we have Wittgenstein, Kingdom Wei, Karcevskij, and Algebraic Geometry, so we can finally start moving. The appeal of this research is that a. First of all, no matter what you do , it is infinite, that is , infinite . I’m not very interested in finite things. In terms of content, b. Language is a great human tool, but it is both elaborate and often misleading . Liar’s paradox, or self-reference self-reference may be one example. Wittgenstein elaborately describes such a situation. Moreover, the meaning of the c. Language is an impenetrable lone castle that has been given up to attack for almost 100 years .
In other words, if you have infinity, elaborateness, and impregnability, it would be almost the same as a mountaineer aiming for unexplored peaks . Someone said why you climb a mountain , because there is a mountain there,Is an eternal saying.
2.5
My position is as described above, but I hardly think about whether there is any development or application in the real world from it, but if I force it, one thing is considered now .
It has medical applications. I don’t do that much, but I still think that only the theoretical direction is mathematically possible, and I am not mainly aiming at application for preparation for that, but now in progress. My Site, Geometrization Language in, Preparatory genre is it that the (preliminary). Geometrization Language is a meaning like ” geometric language “.
2.6
First of all, it will be necessary to give a brief description of what geometry is. In 1980 Thurston submitted a conjecture conjecture that a three-dimensional closed manifold decomposes into eight different geometric structures . In the early 1980s Hamilton is this expected to be formulated as a kind of equation , Perelman from 2002 to 2003 was finally settled. To make it more concise, three-dimensional figures can be classified into eight types, and their formulation is also possible.
2.7
Here is my inference. In the medical field, nowadays various image analysis image analysis It is used to identify the disease and the stage of disease progression. Judgment of this analysis depends on the doctor’s visual observation, but now that images are diversified and the amount is enormous, it is now categorized by performing statistical processing and divided into several types, It seems that the decision has been made. If it is possible to classify this statistical collection by geometricalization , the iconography will be mathematically formalized, and the formulation will be converted into natural language, so that the iconography analysis is precise and accurate. Will be able to be shared with .
2.8
As I’ve already said, I’m not doing linguistic research aiming at such applications. As shown in 2.4, I’m just one mountaineer who has a longing for unexplored peaks. I made a small Base Camp by myself, just below Takamine . There are countless climbers in the world. But all these comparisons and crufts disappear when you see the unexplored peaks of the blue sky. Because there is a mountain there.
2.9
Let’s hurry to the immediate conclusion. I am thinking of incorporating the images shown in 2.6, 2.7 etc. into the area of language. Emoji Emoji and LATEX are also included. I call this area of language a broad language, Broad Language . In this Also includes the Egyptian hieroglyph hieroglyph and the Chinese ancient hieroglyph Jaguwen . But my field isn’t semiotic semiotics that was once popular. I think Semiotics is a fertile Hirono, but the method is not clear. I will refrain from detailing it for now.
Thinking this way, one can imagine how important the ancient Chinese shell texts since BC 1400 are. Kanji is an existing character system that has inherited the ancient hieroglyphics without interruption and is an important field of language. I first targeted this kanji for research.
2.10
Will the development of my language research become more or less visible? The meaning of the language is clearly expressed in mathematics as a geometrical figure including temporal changes. But I have hardly thought about such development. I just start walking with less luggage to build my next Base Camp. It is better to have less luggage to reach higher places. For my baggage, all I need is kanji and mathematics . In order to prevent oxygen deficiency, Chinese elementary school and Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures, Dan Judgment, Kingdom Wei, Shorin, Taisho Shinshu Daizo Sutra and Nihon Zakura Sutra are sometimes necessary. The 1920s Linguistic Circle of Prague remains a major source of energy replenishment . I don’t know how close I can go to the unexplored peaks. That’s not what I ask anymore.
This essay was written with a focus on memories, so there may be differences in memories, even in small years. I’m also not sure if it answers the question.
Please forgive me about that point . If I had written such a thing, then a Buddhist teacher in Kyoto remembered the words that were written in the book. When the teacher had a Buddhist discussion in the open air at night in Tibet, Buddhist monks voiced their sutras based on their memories, but the teacher did research based on the literature on the desk. I was told that I could not respond to it quickly because I was doing it. It also showed their sincere attitude towards Buddhism and was struck by the depth of faith and scholarship.
Please take good care of yourself.